It seems hardly coincidental that right around the time Iowa University's Minerva Initiative grant was greenlit, the Pentagon began conducting wide-ranging "clandestine psychological operations" on social media, targeting the Arab and Muslim world. These efforts were highly sophisticated, employing expansive armies of bots and trolls with realistic AI-generated profile photos and accompanying 'characters.' In Iran, for instance, Pentagon sock puppets deployed varying narrative approaches to engender engagement and influence perceptions locally. Certain accounts accrued thousands of real-life followers.