Do mods provide support for new planets and new enemy types? I think that would make the modding scene expanding the game by a lot in the same way the Space Exploration mod did pre-Space Age.
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Yup. They talked during the leadup to Space Age that all those big new systems are setup specifically to be generic, for the sake of future modding.
Looks like it, if you go check out mods.factorio.com and filter by space age + planets, you get 122 mods

Also yes definitely enemy mods. The factorio devs have always been very good about mods, even so much as creating their own mod manager and hosting, instead of using steam workshop
Aside from the other answer, the article also says they'll still provide "long term support" which includes modding requests. So even if something is missing for modding, they may still add it.