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The study concludes that if scientists were to examine 40 to 80 exoplanets and find a "perfect" no-detection outcome, they could confidently conclude that fewer than 10 to 20% of similar planets harbor life. In the Milky Way, this 10% would correspond to about 10 billion potentially inhabited planets.

This type of finding would enable researchers to put a meaningful upper limit on the prevalence of life in the universe, an estimate that has, so far, remained out of reach.