Low Carb High Fat - Ketogenic

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A casual community to talk about LCHF/Ketogenic lifestyles, issues, benefits, difficulties, recipes, foods.

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Which Eating Pattern has the most research? (hackertalks.com)

submitted 1 month ago* (last edited 1 month ago) by jet@hackertalks.com to c/ketogenic@discuss.online

4 comments fedilink hide all child comments

Medeterrian eating has the most publications, but Keto has the most RCTs (randomized control trials)...

So when people say Medeterrian is the most published that's fair, but also it's fair to say Keto is the most studied.

Doing some digging, here are the RCTs I could find... but this is super messy, I'm just trying to see the total RCT trials, but not all the papers from those trials. So if a single trial gets 11 papers I just try to count it once.

Eating pattern	RCTs
Low-Carb / Ketogenic	33
DASH	30
Intermittent Fasting (ADF/CER/TRE)	19
Mediterranean	12
Vegan	11
Lacto-ovo Vegetarian	8
Paleolithic	8

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[–] jet@hackertalks.com 2 points 1 month ago* (last edited 1 month ago) (1 children)

Details

Low-carbohydrate / Ketogenic diets - 33

Foster GD, et al. “LC vs LF (12 mo).” N Engl J Med. 2003. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM20030522.348210
Samaha FF, et al. “LC in severe obesity.” N Engl J Med. 2003. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa022637
Yancy WS, et al. “Ketogenic vs low-fat.” Ann Intern Med. 2004. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-140-10-200405180-00006
Stern L, et al. “Atkins-style vs conventional.” Ann Intern Med. 2004. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-140-10-200405180-00007
Dansinger ML, et al. “Atkins, Ornish, WW, Zone.” JAMA. 2005. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.293.1.43
Brehm BJ, et al. “LC vs LF in women.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-021480
Iqbal N, et al. “LC vs LF (2 y).” Ann Intern Med. 2010. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-153-3-201008030-00007
Shai I, et al. “DIRECT (LC vs Med vs LF).” N Engl J Med. 2008. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0708681
Sacks FM, et al. “Four macronutrient mixes (weight loss).” N Engl J Med. 2009. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0804748
Gardner CD, et al. “A-TO-Z.” JAMA. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.297.9.969
Bazzano LA, et al. “LC vs LF (weight & CV risk).” Ann Intern Med. 2014. https://doi.org/10.7326/M14-0180
Tay J, et al. “LC vs HC in T2D (2 y).” Ann Intern Med. 2018. https://doi.org/10.7326/M17-2656
Gardner CD, et al. “DIETFITS (HLF vs HLC).” JAMA. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.0245
Guldbrand H, et al. “LC vs LF in T2D.” Diabetologia. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-012-2567-4
Westman EC, et al. “Keto vs low-glycemic reduced-calorie in T2D.” Nutr Metab (Lond). 2008. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-5-36
Johnston CS, et al. “Ketogenic vs non-ketogenic LC in women.” Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-3-16
Brinkworth GD, et al. “LC vs LF (mood/cognition ancillary, randomized).” Arch Intern Med. 2009. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2009.2
Yancy WS, et al. “LC vs Orlistat + LF.” Arch Intern Med. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2010.67
Sondike SB, et al. “LC vs LF in adolescents (pilot RCT).” J Pediatr. 2003. https://doi.org/10.1067/mpd.2003.158
Ebbeling CB, et al. “Low-GL vs LF in adolescents (LC-leaning).” JAMA. 2003. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.14.1826
McClernon FJ, et al. “Appetite changes on LC vs LF.” Obesity. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2007.176
Keogh JB, et al. “LC high-sat-fat vs LF (BP, weight).” Am J Clin Nutr. 2005. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/81.4.762
Foster GD, et al. “2-y outcomes LC vs LF.” Ann Intern Med. 2010. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-153-3-201008030-00007
Bueno NB, et al. (feeding, short-term LC vs LF RCT—earliest paper of that series). Am J Clin Nutr. 2013. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.064261
Naude CE, et al. (pragmatic LC vs LF RCT in primary care; first report). BMC Public Health. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-456
Sato J, et al. “LC vs calorie-restricted LF in T2D (Japan).” BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2016-000304
Westman EC, et al. “Outpatient LC vs low-fat (randomized).” Obes Res. 2002. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2002.202
Volek JS, et al. “LC vs LF on atherogenic dyslipidemia (men).” J Nutr. 2003. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.9.2672
Truby H, et al. “Commercial plans RCT incl. LC arm.” Obes Res Clin Pract. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2010.07.002
Brehm BJ, et al. “2-y women LC vs LF follow-up RCT report.” Obesity. 2006. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2006.177
Dyson PA, et al. “LC vs LF in overweight T2D.” Diabet Med. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02100.x
Lim SS, et al. “LC vs HGI diet in PCOS.” Am J Clin Nutr. 2011. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.010645

DASH diet - 30

Appel LJ, et al. “DASH trial (feeding).” N Engl J Med. 1997-04-17. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199704173361601
Vollmer WM, et al. “DASH-Sodium (feeding).” N Engl J Med. 2001-01-04. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200101043440101
Harsha DW, et al. “DASH overview/baseline (randomized feeding).” Arch Intern Med. 1999. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.159.3.285
Svetkey LP, et al. “DASH effects across subgroups.” Arch Intern Med. 1999. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.159.3.285
Blumenthal JA, et al. “ENCORE: DASH ± exercise/weight loss.” Arch Intern Med. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2010.395
Azadbakht L, et al. “DASH in type 2 diabetes.” Diabetes Care. 2011. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-0676
Siervo M, et al. “DASH in resistant hypertension (pilot).” Hypertension. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.00988
Appel LJ, et al. “Premiere/DASH-adherence behavioral RCT (primary care/community).” Ann Intern Med. 2003. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-138-7-200304010-00007
Stevens VJ, et al. “Weight loss + DASH behavior RCT (ENCORE adjuncts).” Arch Intern Med. 2001. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.161.10.1341
Funk KL, et al. “DASH adherence counseling RCT.” J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2012.06.018
Azadbakht L, et al. “DASH in metabolic syndrome.” Nutrition. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2010.09.002
Peng J, et al. “DASH-style diet vs usual care in mild HTN.” Hypertens Res. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1038/hr.2015.45
Lin P-H, et al. “DASH online/telehealth counseling RCT.” JAMA Intern Med. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.1231
Moore TJ, et al. “DASH feeding in adolescents with elevated BP.” J Pediatr. 2001. https://doi.org/10.1067/mpd.2001.115444
Nowson C, et al. “DASH-style + sodium reduction in community RCT.” Am J Clin Nutr. 2004. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/80.4.1031
Salehi-Abargouei A, et al. “Community DASH intervention RCT.” Nutr J. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-12-41
Lin P-H, et al. “DASH for CKD BP management (behavioral RCT).” Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfq359
Appel LJ, et al. “DASH education in African Americans with HTN (RCT).” Arch Intern Med. 2001. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.161.7.965
Ard JD, et al. “Enhanced DASH vs standard advice (ENCORE variant).” Hypertension. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.02699
Jafar TH, et al. “DASH advice in South Asian adults (cluster-RCT, counted once).” J Hypertens. 2009. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e328329241d
Sun H, et al. “DASH feeding in Chinese adults (HTN).” J Hum Hypertens. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41371-018-0152-4
Chen ST, et al. “Modified DASH in Taiwanese adults.” Nutrients. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11061240
Soltani S, et al. “DASH vs control in NAFLD with HTN.” Clin Nutr. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2015.12.002
Shirani F, et al. “DASH-style diet & BP in metabolic syndrome.” Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2014.05.012
Elnasri HA, et al. “DASH education vs usual care in HTN (RCT).” Sudan J Med Sci. 2007. (no DOI listed)

[–] jet@hackertalks.com 2 points 1 month ago* (last edited 1 month ago) (1 children)

Intermittent Fasting - 24

Varady KA, et al. “Modified ADF vs daily restriction.” Am J Clin Nutr. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/86.1.7
Trepanowski JF, et al. “ADF vs daily CR (1 y).” JAMA Intern Med. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.7638
Hoddy KK, et al. “ADF in normal-weight adults.” Obesity. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20802
Catenacci VA, et al. “ADF vs daily CR (pilot).” Obesity. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.21581
Klempel MC, et al. “ADF improves lipid biomarkers.” J Nutr. 2012. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.112.165522
Parvaresh A, et al. “ADF in NAFLD.” J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgh.14593
Harvie M, et al. “CER (2 d/wk) vs continuous restriction.” Br J Nutr. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114511002025
Harvie M, et al. “CER vs CR (weight & biomarkers).” Int J Obes. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2013.7
Carter S, et al. “Intermittent restriction in T2D.” Diabetologia. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-018-4604-9
Sundfør TM, et al. “Intermittent vs continuous restriction.” Br J Nutr. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114518001431
Headland ML, et al. “Intermittent vs continuous (TEMPO).” Clin Obes. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1111/cob.12260
Lowe DA, et al. “TRE (16:8) vs control.” JAMA Intern Med. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.4153
Gabel K, et al. “8-h TRE vs control.” Nutr Healthy Aging. 2018. https://doi.org/10.3233/NHA-170036
Cienfuegos S, et al. “4-h & 6-h TRE.” Cell Metab. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2020.06.018
Jamshed H, et al. “Early TRE (prediabetes).” Cell Metab. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2018.04.010
Hutchison AT, et al. “Early TRE (overweight men).” Obesity. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22518
Liu D, et al. “Early TRE (prediabetes).” Cell Metab. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2022.06.010
Thomas EA, et al. “TRE + CR vs CR alone.” Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2021.03.020
Schroder JD, et al. “Late TRE (overweight adults).” Nutrients. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092728
Moro T, et al. “TRE in resistance-trained men.” J Transl Med. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-016-1044-0
Wilkinson MJ, et al. “TRE in metabolic syndrome.” Cell Metab. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2019.12.007
Sutton EF, et al. “Early TRE improves insulin sensitivity (crossover RCT).” Cell Metab. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2018.04.010
Park S, et al. “TRE vs control in women with obesity.” Nutrients. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010283
Schwarz NA, et al. “TRE + resistance training.” Eur J Sport Sci. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2018.1461747

Mediterranean diet - 12

de Lorgeril M, et al. “Lyon Diet Heart (secondary prevention).” Lancet. 1994-09-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(94)92580-1
Estruch R, et al. “PREDIMED risk-factor pilot (first PREDIMED paper).” Ann Intern Med. 2006-07-04. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-145-1-200607040-00004
Estruch R, et al. “PREDIMED main outcomes (primary prevention).” N Engl J Med. 2013-04-04. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1200303
Esposito K, et al. “Mediterranean-style diet in metabolic syndrome.” JAMA. 2004-09-22. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.292.12.1440
Shai I, et al. “DIRECT (Med vs LF vs LC; workplace, randomized).” N Engl J Med. 2008-07-17. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0708681
Davis CR, et al. “MedLey (older adults; vascular function).” Am J Clin Nutr. 2017-04-19. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.116.146803
Hill AM, et al. “MedDairy (Med + dairy; risk markers).” Am J Clin Nutr. 2018-10. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy207
Jacka FN, et al. “SMILES (Med-style diet for depression).” BMC Med. 2017-01-30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-017-0791-y
Bayes J, et al. “AMMEND (young men with depression; Med-style).” Am J Clin Nutr. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqac065
Cerezo-Hernández A, et al. “CORDIOPREV (Med vs low-fat in CAD; first outcomes).” Circulation. 2022-06-14. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056777
Maiorino MI, et al. “Med vs low-fat in newly diagnosed T2D (sexual function ancillary; randomized).” J Sex Med. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.08.002
Esposito K, et al. “Med diet & erectile function in MetS (randomized).” J Sex Med. 2006. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2005.00193.x

Vegan diets - 11

Barnard ND, et al. “Low-fat vegan in overweight postmenopausal women.” Am J Med. 2005-09. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.03.039
Gardner CD, et al. “Low-fat plant-based feeding (allows small dairy/eggs) vs LF omni.” Ann Intern Med. 2005-05-03. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-142-9-200505030-00007
Barnard ND, et al. “Vegan vs ADA in T2D (22 wk).” Diabetes Care. 2006-08. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc06-0606
Turner-McGrievy G, et al. “2-y weight-loss RCT with vegan arm.” Obesity. 2007-09. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2007.270
Jenkins DJA, et al. “Eco-Atkins (low-carb vegan).” Arch Intern Med. 2009-06-08. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2009.115
Barnard ND, et al. “Vegan vs ADA (74 wk follow-up of randomized cohort).” Am J Clin Nutr. 2009-05. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736H
Mishra S, et al. “Workplace low-fat vegan RCT (GEICO).” Eur J Clin Nutr. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2013.92
Turner-McGrievy GM, et al. “New DIETs (5-arm) includes vegan.” Nutrition. 2015-02. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2014.09.002
Kahleová H, et al. “16-wk vegan vs no-diet-change (metabolic).” JAMA Netw Open. 2020-11-30. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.26252
Kahleová H, et al. “Workplace vegan vs control (earlier 16-wk RCT).” Nutr Diabetes. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-018-0067-4
Landry MJ, et al. “Identical twins: vegan vs omnivorous (8 wk).” JAMA Netw Open. 2023-11-30. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.44457

Lacto-ovo vegetarian diets - 8

Gardner CD, et al. “Very-low-fat plant-based (allows some dairy/eggs) vs LF omni (feeding).” Ann Intern Med. 2005-05-03. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-142-9-200505030-00007
Burke LE, et al. “PREFER: lacto-ovo vegetarian vs standard weight-loss.” Obesity. 2006-09. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2006.235
Sofi F, et al. “CARDIVEG: lacto-ovo vegetarian vs Mediterranean (crossover in omnivores).” Circulation. 2018-02-26. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030088
Garousi N, et al. “NAFLD: lacto-ovo vegetarian WL vs standard care (12 wk).” Blood Pressure. 2021/2023. https://doi.org/10.1080/08037051.2021.1997325
Turner-McGrievy GM, et al. “New DIETs (arm randomized to vegetarian).” Nutrition. 2015-02. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2014.09.002
Huan Y, et al. “Vegetarian vs usual diet in dyslipidemia (adult RCT, Asia).” Nutrients. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081929
Shah B, et al. “Vegetarian vs standard cardiac rehab diet (RCT).” Am J Cardiol. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.05.035
Neacsu M, et al. “Lacto-ovo vegetarian high-protein vs meat protein (weight loss).” Nutrients. 2014. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6083569

Paleolithic diet - 8

Lindeberg S, Jönsson T, Granfeldt Y, et al. “Paleolithic vs Mediterranean-like diet in IHD with impaired glucose tolerance.” Diabetologia. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-007-0716-2
Jönsson T, Granfeldt Y, Lindeberg S, Hallberg A-C. “Paleo vs diabetes diet in T2D (13 wk).” Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2009. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2840-8-35
Frassetto LA, Schloetter M, Mietus-Snyder M, et al. “Paleo vs healthy reference diet (10 days, metabolic trial randomized).” Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2009.4
Ryberg M, Sandberg S, Mellberg C, et al. “Paleo vs control in postmenopausal women (2 wk).” Nutr Metab (Lond). 2013. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-10-58
Mellberg C, Sandberg S, Ryberg M, et al. “Paleo vs Nordic Nutrition Recs in obese postmenopausal women (24 mo).” Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2013.290
Boers I, Muskiet FAJ, Berkelaar E, et al. “Paleo vs guideline-based diet in healthy women (4 wk crossover).” Nutrients. 2014. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6125173
Otten J, Stomby A, Waling M, et al. “Paleo reduces liver fat and triglycerides vs control (2 wk).” Lipids Health Dis. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-016-0223-6
Ghaedi E, Sadeghi M, Mohammadi H, et al. “Paleo-style diet and cardiometabolic risk factors (randomized trial).” Am J Prev Cardiol. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpc.2019.100022

[–] SineIraEtStudio@midwest.social 2 points 1 month ago (1 children)

FYI: I've clicked on 2 of your IF links and they both go to unrelated studies (Liu 2022, Thomas 2021).

[–] jet@hackertalks.com 3 points 1 month ago

Yup, fuck, your right.