cross-posted from: https://mander.xyz/post/45810913
Cows are not usually credited with thinking on the hoof. They eat, they chew, they stand in fields performing an activity that may look like contemplation but is generally written off as digestion.
They are not typically thought to plan, let alone solve problems. A new study suggests we may have underestimated them.
The research describes what experts claim is the first documented case of flexible, multi-purpose tool use in cattle, observed in a cow named Veronika.
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Veronika is a Swiss brown cow kept not for milk or meat but as a pet by Witgar Wiegele, an organic farmer and baker in Austria. More than a decade ago he noticed her using a long-handled brush, holding it in her mouth to scratch awkward parts of her body.
When video footage of this behaviour reached Alice Auersperg, a cognitive biologist at the University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, it struck her as unusual, largely because Veronika used the brush in different ways to scratch different parts of her body.
“It was immediately clear that this was not accidental,” Auersperg said. “This was a meaningful example of tool use in a species that is rarely considered from a cognitive perspective.”
Auersperg and her colleague Antonio Osuna-Mascaró conducted a series of trials. They placed a long-handled brush on the ground and recorded how Veronika used it.
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When scratching broad, thick-skinned regions such as her back or rump, Veronika tended to use the bristled end, applying it with sweeping, forceful movements. When targeting softer, more sensitive areas of her lower body, she switched to using the handle to scratch herself, moving more slowly.
Because Veronika directs tools at her own body, researchers describe this as egocentric tool use, which is usually regarded as less complex than tool use aimed at external objects. Even so, flexible, multi-purpose use of a single tool is rare. Outside humans, it has previously been demonstrated convincingly only in chimpanzees, the researchers say in their paper.
They wrote in a study published in the journal Current Biology that the findings “invite a reassessment of livestock cognition”.
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The researchers suspect that Veronika’s life circumstances have played a role in the emergence of this behaviour. Most cows do not reach her age and they are rarely given the opportunity to interact with a variety of potentially useful objects.
Her long lifespan, daily contact with humans, and access to a rich physical landscape probably created favorable conditions, they said. If that is true, there may be nothing very exceptional about Veronika, other than the opportunities she has been given to exercise her brain.
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So this brings up an interesting question, what qualifies as "tool use"? Google's answer seems vague and too broad. Are hermit crabs tool users? What about those crabs that carry around sea anemones to use as weapons? What about lacewing larva, also known as trash bugs? They carry a lot of debris on their back to use as camouflage.
What about beavers? They build dams. What about birds? Yea, crows and parrots obviously, but almost all birds build nests.
Usually instinctive tool use is excluded. What scientists are interested in - and what engineers can't replicate - is a creature understanding it's environment well enough to use it against itself (so to speak) in a novel, creative way.
I know from our everyday perspective itching with a stick isn't a giant intellectual leap, but how solids work, how limbs work and the type of contact required to itch would be difficult as hell if you put it in mathematical terms. And then on top of that, you have to put it together in the correct order to be a solution. The cow could just as easily have grabbed grass instead of wood, or used the short side of the stick.
To me personally, the defining element is some aspect of reasoned thinking and adaptation.
Hermit crabs use shells and beavers build dams because they are evolutionarily predisposed to do those things - so to me that isn't true tool use.
On the other hand, when we see ravens using sticks to fish things out of small holes, or dropping shells in the road so cars will crush them open, that's genuine tool-using because, they are applying logic to solve problems in novel ways with what they have available in the environment.