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I think social media probably isn't great, but the data also isn't particularly conclusive, and much of it is very broad and unhelpful. For example, in the first study you linked, it had a sample of 143 University students accross three different social media sites, measured only using app battery usage. While it isn't to be completely discounted, esspecially alongside the larger body of work, it's sample size is tiny, and the data collected isn't esspecially representitve of what is supposed to be measured, as it includes non-social-media tools like Facebook Marketplace while excluding social media accessed via the browser (among other flaws). The vast majority of studies on the topic, regardless of findings, have similar flaws.
IMO, social media as a whole is too varied to meaningfully lump together, and a lot of the impacts that are commonly attributed to social media are better attributed to deeper causes regarding lack of sociatal trust and support. Tracking the impacts of social media is hard enough, nonetheless the impacts of something like the lack of third places, and impacts of economic inequality on mental health.
On top of that, there are also a variety of ways you can use the same platform. What if you’re exclusively focusing on doomscrolling or actively avoiding anything that produces negative emotions? You could spend all day following everyone who spreads doom and gloom, or just pop in for a little bit of #bloomscrolling, and get back to real-world stuff when you’re done.
Even outside of the content being viewed, there may be a huge difference in effect depending on who is viewing it. Almost all of the current studies are on University students, probably western demographic most able to socialize with others due to need, proximity, and free time. Debatably, they're also among the most impressionable groups as well, given that they're still not fully grown and are in the middle of trying to figure out and plan their lives. Intuitively, this would mean they're more able to take advantage of their time off social media, and more impacted by their time on it.
This begs the question of if the effects will be the same in other populations. For example, in populations that are less able to socialize, does social media help reduce the burden, and if so, what platforms or elements have this effect versus more negative effects.
Yeah. It’s a pretty complicated topic to study. You would have to narrow it down really hard to be able to say anything meaningful about it. If you’re talking about a specific group using Facebook in a specific way, that’s when you can actually start talking about effects.