I haven't read the books in decades, but in the film, this is definitely after Saruman's betrayal. Gandalf goes to Saruman after learning Frodo has the ring and is unable to meet the Hobbits at the Prancing Pony because he's been captured. He then meets up with the gang at Rivendell, the hold the Council, and the Fellowship is formed. He doesn't see Saruman again in the original version of the films, and not until the 3rd film in the extended edition.